No... dockable bases are indestructable (save the one or two bases during the storyline which get destroyed by the enemies). The only destroyable bases are the ones that are created for random missions.

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"Sorry for offending your delicate sensibilities. Perhaps my next film will be about a talking dog who braves the harsh realities of the world in a heart warming attempt to find his rightful owners, who mistakenly thought he was dead. That way you could watch it and get a fuzzy feeling inside and when it was over you could all go f*ck yourselves." - Troy Duffy, director of The Boondock Saints

Hence political fallout, etc.

I noticed after last mission, Rheinland rapidly turning into poor country, and to the point where Battleship Westfallen was said to be the last fully-operational battleship in Rheinland... before the rumour about it not being able to jump (explosion in the engine deck something like that)... is this the same with others or just the way my political formula turned out to be? hhmmm...

To what extend can we see the "political fallouts" turn out to be if we keep helping one faction and destroying its enemies?

All of the "political fallout" is set and is the same for every game. Rheinland was always in bad shape and has been for a while. The ships that attacked you in the campaign were just there for the single player experience, and were actually not supposed to exist if you pay any attention to the rumors and information in Rheinland Space.